Lew Grade

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The Right Honourable
The Lord Grade
Kt OStJ
File:Lord Grade in 1997, artistic portrait by the Earl of Snowdon.jpg
1997 artistic portrait by The Earl of Snowdon.
Born
Lev Winogradsky

(1906-12-25)25 December 1906
Tokmak, Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire
Died13 December 1998(1998-12-13) (aged 91)
London, England
Resting placeLiberal Jewish Cemetery, Willesden, London
NationalityRussian (1906–1912)
British (1912–1998)
Other names
  • Louis Grad (as professional dancer)
  • "The Dancer with the Humorous Feet"
EducationRochelle Street Elementary School
Occupations
Years active1926–1998
Spouse
Kathleen Sheila Moody
​
​
(m. 1942)​
[1]
Children1
RelativesBernard Delfont (brother)
Leslie Grade (brother)
Michael Grade (nephew)

Lew Grade, Baron Grade, Kt, OStJ, (born Lev Winogradsky;[2] 25 December 1906 – 13 December 1998) was a British media proprietor and impresario. Originally a dancer, and later a talent agent, Grade's interest in television production began in 1954 when, in partnership, he successfully bid for franchises in the newly created ITV network, which led to the creation of Associated Television (ATV). Having worked for a time in the United States, he was aware of the potential for the sale of television programming to American networks. The Incorporated Television Company (ITC; commonly known as ITC Entertainment) was formed with this specific objective in mind. Grade had some success in this field with such series as Gerry Anderson's many Supermarionation series such as Thunderbirds, Patrick McGoohan's The Prisoner, and Jim Henson's The Muppet Show. Later, Grade invested in feature film production, but several expensive box-office failures caused him to lose control of ITC, and ultimately resulted in the disestablishment of ATV after it lost its ITV franchise.[3]

Early life

Grade was born in Tokmak, Berdyansky Uyezd, Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire (now Ukraine), to Isaak and Olga Winogradsky.[4] In 1912, when Grade was five years old, his Jewish family escaped the pogroms by emigrating from Odessa (Ukraine) via Berlin (Germany) to London (England) and resettled in Shoreditch on Brick Lane in the East End of London.[5][6]

Isaak worked as a trouser-presser while his three sons (Grade and his younger brothers, Bernard (later Bernard Delfont) and Leslie) attended the Rochelle Street Elementary School near Shoreditch, where Yiddish was spoken by 90% of the pupils. For two years the Winogradskys lived in rented rooms at the north end of Brick Lane, before moving to the nearby Boundary Estate.[7]

Early professional life

At the age of 15, Grade became an agent for a clothing company, and shortly afterwards started his own business. In 1926, he was declared Charleston Champion of the World at a dancing competition at the Royal Albert Hall.[4] Fred Astaire was one of the judges.[3] Grade subsequently became a professional dancer going by the name Louis Grad; he changed this name to Lew Grade, which came from a Paris reporter's typing error that Grade liked and decided to keep.[8] He was signed as a dancer by Joe Collins (father of Jackie and Joan Collins) in 1931.[9] Decades later, the then octogenarian Lord Grade once danced the Charleston at a party Arthur Ochs Sulzberger gave in New York.[10]

Talent agent

Around 1934, Grade went into partnership with Joe Collins and became a talent agent in their company Collins & Grade. Among their earliest clients were the harmonica player Larry Adler and the jazz group Quintette du Hot Club de France.[11]

Following the beginning of the Second World War in 1939, Grade became involved in arranging entertainment for soldiers in Harrogate,[8] and later joined the British Army. He was discharged after two years when an old problem with swelling of the knees, which had earlier ended his dancing career, recurred.[11] In 1945, the arrangement with Collins having been terminated, Grade formed a partnership with his brother Leslie (Lew and Leslie Grade Ltd., or the Grade Organisation). That year, the brothers travelled in the United States, where they developed their entertainment interests. His connections included, among others, Bob Hope and Judy Garland, who performed in Britain for the first time.[11] The brothers became the main bookers of artists for the London Palladium in 1948, then managed by Val Parnell for the Moss Empires Group owned by the family of Prince Littler.[12] The agency became the most successful in the UK and in 1967 it was acquired by EMI for $21 million with Grade and his two brothers joining the EMI board.[13]

Media career

Television: 1954–1962

In 1954, Grade was contacted by the manager of singer Jo Stafford, Mike Nidorf,[14] who notified him of an advertisement in The Times inviting franchise bids for the new, commercial ITV network.

Assembling a consortium that included impresarios Val Parnell and Prince Littler, the Incorporated Television Programme Company (ITP), which soon changed its name to Incorporated Television Company (ITC; also known as ITC Entertainment), was formed. ITC's bid to the Independent Television Authority (ITA) was rejected on the grounds of its conflict of interest from its prominence and involvement in artist management.[citation needed]

The Associated Broadcasting Development Company (ABD) had gained ITA approval for both the London weekend and Midlands weekday contracts, but was undercapitalised; Grade's consortium joined with the ABD to form what became Associated Television (ATV). Reflecting his background in variety, Grade's favourite show[15] and a success for the new company was Sunday Night at the London Palladium (1955–1967, 1973–1974), one of the most popular programmes on British television in its day. Grade did not avoid the other end of the cultural spectrum and in 1958 Sir Kenneth Clark began to talk about the history of art on television.[16]

Meanwhile, Grade committed the funds for what would become the first trans-Atlantic success of the ITP subsidiary: The Adventures of Robin Hood (1955–1960), commissioned by UK-based American producer Hannah Weinstein. ITC became a wholly owned ATV subsidiary in 1957,[17] That same year ATV established a music publishing division with ATV Music and gained a half interest in Pye Records in 1959;[18] later Pye became a wholly owned subsidiary.

Television: 1962–1968

Grade was deputy managing director of ATV under Val Parnell until 1962, when he became managing director having contrived to have the board oust Parnell.[12] Grade soon decided that the Midlands deserved its own regular soap opera as a rival to Coronation Street. Crossroads, much derided but ultimately a serious challenge to Granada's series in the ratings, began its initial quarter century run in November 1964.[19]

ITC's success continued and had many internationally successful TV series, leading Howard Thomas, managing director of ABC Weekend TV, to complain that Grade distributed programming for "Birmingham, Alabama, rather than Birmingham, England".[20] These series included The Saint (1962–1969), which was sold to over 80 countries,[21] and two featuring Patrick McGoohan: Danger Man (1960–1968) and The Prisoner (1967–1968). The series, exclusively thrillers, were normally used as summer replacements for American-made programmes until the mid-1960s.[22] While many of Grade's series used American actors in lead roles (The Baron and Man in a Suitcase, for example) it was those series which used an exclusively British cast, such as The Saint (and The Avengers, made by another ITV contractor), which were more successful in the United States.[23]

In 1962, AP Films became a subsidiary of ITC. Co-founded by Gerry Anderson, AP Films produced two marionette puppet ("Supermarionation") series for children during the 1960s: Thunderbirds (1965–1966) and (as Century 21) Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons (1967–1968). After a screening of the pilot for Thunderbirds ("Trapped in the Sky", 1964), Grade insisted that the episodes be lengthened to fill a one-hour slot.[24] Unusually for children's television series, these colour programmes were generously budgeted for the time (Grade paid £22,000 per episode), and were successfully repeated internationally.[25]

In 1966, Grade's companies were re-organised again to form the Associated Communications Corporation (ACC). That year, The Sunday Times investigated the interconnected nature of the companies controlled by Grade and his two brothers, Bernard Delfont and Leslie Grade. Their firms, effectively amounting to a "cartel", were agents for most of the major talents in acting as well as entertainment and controlled theatres in both London and the rest of the UK and ATV was a major provider of televised entertainment.[15]

Later television productions

The following year, ATV lost its London franchise to what would become London Weekend Television (LWT);[26] at the same time, however, ATV's Midlands franchise was expanded to run throughout the week from July 1968. Through ATV Music, Grade acquired Northern Songs, gaining control of the Lennon–McCartney song catalogue.[27]

Foreign sales remained strong for a time (valued at $30 million in 1970)[28] and the ACC received the Queen's Awards for Export in both 1967 and 1969.

Some of the 1970s distributions performed poorly: these included The Julie Andrews Hour (1972–73), which aired for only one season on the ABC Television Network in the United States. This received positive reviews and seven Emmy Awards, including the title of 'Best Variety Series'. The action series The Protectors (1972–74) and The Persuaders! (1971–72),[17] were not especially successful. Gerry Anderson moved to live action science fiction shows UFO (1969–71) and Space: 1999 (1975–77). After Space: 1999, Anderson made no new series for ITC, but maintained a connection with Grade until Grade lost control of his companies in 1982.

In the mid-1970s, Grade approached American puppeteer Jim Henson, who was in need of assistance for his latest television project. Henson wanted to create a new variety show starring his Muppet characters, but had been dismissed by American networks on account of his contributions to children's programmes such as Sesame Street (1969–present).[citation needed] CBS came close to agreeing to broadcast The Muppet Show, but only if it was during a syndicated block of its programming.[clarification needed] After watching one of Henson's pilots and recalling a special made in one of his studios, Grade allowed Henson to realise his project in Britain (the series was recorded at the ATV Elstree Studios, later bought by the BBC, primarily used for EastEnders) and distributed internationally by ITC. Grade's action was instrumental in bringing The Muppet Show to the screen in 1976 and ensuring its success; it ran until 1981.[citation needed]

Grade's other accomplishments in television included the mini-series Jesus of Nazareth (1977), which was successfully sold to the American market and secured a record-breaking $12 million in revenue. Several years in preparation, the deal with the Italian broadcaster RAI and director Franco Zeffirelli had been announced three years previously.[29]

Film

Grade approached Blake Edwards to revive the Pink Panther franchise as a TV series, an option Edwards was not keen on,[30] but he did work on developing scripts. Eventually, he persuaded Grade to finance the property as a feature film project with he and Peter Sellers waiving their fees in return for a profit-sharing arrangement.[31] Both men's careers had not been prospering for a few years.[32] Only Grade's second big budget feature,[12] ITC produced the eventual film The Return of the Pink Panther (1975), while United Artists (UA), who had earlier rejected the project themselves, gained distribution rights and a 5% share of the profits.[33] Distribution in other countries was undertaken by ITC. The Return of the Pink Panther was a commercially successful release.[12]

It also prompted Grade to move into the film industry, where he had success with Farewell My Lovely (1975).[34] Other films of the period made with Grade's involvement include the co-releases The Boys From Brazil (1978) with 20th Century Fox and Movie Movie (also 1978) with Warner Bros. He was a producer on the Ingmar Bergman films Autumn Sonata (1978) and From the Life of the Marionettes (1980). Grade was executive producer of The Muppet Movie (1979) and The Great Muppet Caper (1981); Orson Welles portrayed a studio executive named "Lew Lord" in the first film. One domestic British film made by the ITC subsidiary Black Lion Films, The Long Good Friday (1980) was purchased and released by HandMade Films after Grade and his company had effectively disowned it for, in Grade's reputed opinion, seeming to be sympathetic to the IRA.[35]

Grade's backing of an expensive "all-star" flop was to prove decisive. Of Raise the Titanic (1980), an adaptation of the novel by Clive Cussler, Grade himself observed that "It would have been cheaper to lower the Atlantic".[4][17] The film was panned by critics and, after costing $36 million, returned only $8 million in rentals.[6] This film along with other expensive box office failures – including Saturn 3 (1980) and The Legend of the Lone Ranger (1981) – marked the end of Grade's involvement in major film production.[citation needed] Despite this, several of the most critically acclaimed films produced by Grade were released after the failure of Raise the Titanic: these included On Golden Pond (1981) and Sophie's Choice (1982), both winners of Academy Awards, as well as The Dark Crystal (1982), which was Jim Henson's final project created in association with ITC.[36]

Later years

In 1980, Grade's standing in the mass media industry was damaged by two events: the poor reception for Raise the Titanic, and a decision that, effective from 1 January 1982 ATV Midlands would be permitted to keep its licence only on the condition that it terminate its association with Grade and ITC (ultimately leading to its re-branding as Central Television). Grade resigned his position in the company while it underwent a series of partnerships and mergers. In 1982, he lost control of ACC to Robert Holmes à Court, who dismissed him and all his staff.[3]

Grade was brought in by American producer Norman Lear in June 1982 to head the London division of Embassy Communications International, to be involved in the production and distribution of films and television programmes.[37] Subsequently, he became a producer of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Starlight Express.[38] After Coca-Cola had bought Embassy, he became the head of a new venture, the Grade Company, in 1985, and was elected a vice-president of the Loews Group chain of cinemas in the United States.[4][39] The Grade Company produced adaptations for television of works by novelist Dame Barbara Cartland; he owned the rights to 450 of her romances.[6]

By the early to mid-1990s, Grade had returned to ITC to head the company one final time until his death in 1998. Grade was a member of the Founding Council of the Rothermere American Institute at the University of Oxford.[citation needed]

Honours

In 1969 Grade was knighted[40] and created a life peer as Baron Grade, of Elstree in the County of Hertfordshire, on 22 June 1976.[41] He chose Elstree as his territorial designation because ATV's main studios were based there.[citation needed]

Coat of arms of Lew Grade
Coronet
That of a Baron
Crest
A sinister cubit arm erect vested Vert cuffed Argent charged with a mask of comedy Or the hand Proper holding a balalaika Or sound box to the dexter.
Escutcheon
Per chevron grady Vert and Or in chief two pierced mullets Or and in base a bear's jamb erased Sable armed Gules.
Supporters
Dexter upon a lightning flash Or a lion Proper gorged with a cord pendent therefrom a representation of itself all Or, sinister upon a lightning flash Or a horse Sable gorged with a cord pendent therefrom a representation of itself all Or.
Motto
Quod Promitto Perficio (What I Promise I Carry Out)[42]

Death

In 1978, Grade, then aged 71, told interviewer Mike Wallace on the CBS program 60 Minutes, "I don't intend to retire until the year 2000."[43] Grade died of heart failure aged 91 on 13 December 1998 in London, just two years short of his goal.[44] He was buried at the Liberal Jewish Cemetery in London's Willesden neighborhood.[45] BBC Radio 2 transmitted two special one-hour tribute programmes on 24 and 25 December 2006 as a celebration of Grade's life and marking the centenary of his birth.

References

  1. ^ "Lady Grade, teenage star who gave up a promising career to become the busy and steady presence behind her tycoon husband Lew – obituary". The Telegraph. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  2. ^ Horace Newcomb, Encyclopedia of Television
  3. ^ a b c "Lord Grade of Elstree, showman, died on December 13th, aged 91". The Economist. 17 December 1998. Retrieved 31 December 2013. [H]e felt betrayed when in 1982 he lost control of Associated Communications Corporation, the parent company of his television and other interests, to Robert Holmes à Court, an Australian. Lord Grade had felt so close to the Australian that he allowed him to buy 51% of the voting shares. Holmes à Court then deposed him in a boardroom coup and purged the company of all his staff, even, Lord Grade noted sadly, his tea lady. Later, he observed waspishly, "Robert died quite a young man, for all his millions".
  4. ^ a b c d Hoge, Warren (14 December 1998). "Lew Grade, 91, Flamboyant Shaper of British TV and Movies". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  5. ^ Palmer, Alan Warwick (2000) [1989]. The East End: Four Centuries of London Life. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 106. ISBN 0813528267. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  6. ^ a b c Raines, Howell (17 April 1988). "Lew Grade, at 81, Retains His Zest for a Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 August 2020..
  7. ^ "Bethnal Green: Building and Social Conditions from 1876 to 1914 | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk.
  8. ^ a b Television Greats: Lew Grade, Television Heaven entry.
  9. ^ "Joe Collins, Dynasty Star's Father". Chicago Tribune. 12 April 1988. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  10. ^ Brozan, Nadine (22 May 1992). "CHRONICLE". New York Times. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  11. ^ a b c Faith, Nicholas (14 December 1998). "Obituary: Lord Grade". The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  12. ^ a b c d Sergio Angelini "Grade, Lord Lew (1906–1998)", BFI Screenonline
  13. ^ "EMI Buys Grade; Huge Talent Pool In $21-Mil Deal". Variety. 22 March 1967. p. 1.
  14. ^ Carl Ellis: Lew Grade, Part 3: the War and After Archived 5 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, TV Heroes, Transdiffusion.
  15. ^ a b Michael Palmer and Jeremy Tunstal Media Moguls, Routledge, 1991, p. 112
  16. ^ Jonathan Bignell ""And the Rest is History: Lew Grade, Creation Narratives and Television Historiography", in Catherine Johnson and Rob Turnock (eds.) Itv Cultures: Independent Television Over Fifty Years, Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2005, p. 50
  17. ^ a b c Sergio Angelini: ITC, BFI screenonline.
  18. ^ Louis Barfe Where Have All the Good Times Gone? The Rise and Fall of the Record Industry, London: Atlantic Books, 2005, p. 134
  19. ^ John Williams "Crossroads - The 1960s", BFI Screenonline
  20. ^ Carl Ellis Lew Grade, Part 4: Embracing the 1950s Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, TV Heroes, Transdiffusion.
  21. ^ James Chapman Saints and Avengers: British Adventure Series of the 1960s, London: I.B Tauris, 2002, p.100
  22. ^ Stuart Hood "Export Backlash", The Spectator, 25 November 1966, p. 12
  23. ^ Chapman, Saints and Avengers, p. 11
  24. ^ "Thunderbirds". Classic TV Info. Retrieved 12 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  25. ^ Gilhooly, Rob (26 December 2001). "Still F.A.B. after all these years". The Japan Times. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  26. ^ Richard G. Elen; ATV, BFI screenonline.
  27. ^ Philip Norman Shout!: The Beatles in Their Generation, New York: Fireside, 2005, pp. 422-24
  28. ^ Entrepreneurs: Top Grade, TIME, 4 October 1971.
  29. ^ Martin Sullivan " A television Jesus", The Spectator, 23 August 1974, p. 15
  30. ^ Obituary: Blake Edwards, telegraph.co.uk, 16 December 2010
  31. ^ Julian Upton Fallen Stars: Tragic Lives and Lost Careers, Manchester, Headpress, 2004, p.28
  32. ^ Bob Thomas "Pink Panther Sequel Spelled Success", The Blade (Toledo, Ohio), 17 November 1975, p. 18
  33. ^ Roger Lewis The Life and Death of Peter Sellers, London: Arrow Books, 2004 [1994], p. 845n.
  34. ^ "Sir Lew Grade the new knight in shining armour for British films", The Irish Times, Dublin, Ireland, 27 October 1975, p. 14.
  35. ^ Mark Duguid "Long Good Friday, The (1979)", BFI Screenonline; accessed 24 December 2015.
  36. ^ Vagg, Stephen (10 March 2020). "Ten Billionaires Who Were Stung by Hollywood". Filmink.
  37. ^ Cuff, Daniel F. (24 June 1982). "Lord Grade Joins Norman Lear Team". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  38. ^ Bennetts, Leslie (23 February 1987). "A Transformed Starlight Express Strives Towards Broadway Opening". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  39. ^ "Lew Grade Biography (1906-1998)". Film Reference. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  40. ^ "No. 44790". w:The London Gazette. 14 February 1969. p. 1705.
  41. ^ "No. 46943". w:The London Gazette. 24 June 1976. p. 8773.
  42. ^ Debrett's Peerage. 1985.
  43. ^ 1978 THROWBACK: "LEW GRADE", retrieved 2022-06-12
  44. ^ "Media legend Grade dead". BBC News. 13 December 1998. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  45. ^ "Lew Grade (1906-1998) - Find a Grave Memorial". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 2022-06-14.

Further reading

External links

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