George Martin: Difference between revisions

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* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009mkj8 George Martin] interview on BBC Radio 4 ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', 6 August 1982
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009mkj8 George Martin] interview on BBC Radio 4 ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', 6 August 1982


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Revision as of 12:06, 5 December 2022

Sir
George Martin
CBE
George Martin - backstage at LOVE.jpg
Martin backstage at the Beatles' Love show, Las Vegas, c. 2006
Born
George Henry Martin

(1926-01-03)3 January 1926
London, England
Died8 March 2016(2016-03-08) (aged 90)
Wiltshire, England
Alma materGuildhall School of Music and Drama
Spouses
  • Sheena Chisholm
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1948, divorced)​
  • Judy Lockhart-Smith
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1966)​
Children4, including Giles and Greg
Musical career
Genres
Occupation(s)
  • Record producer
  • arranger
  • composer
  • conductor
  • audio engineer
  • musician
Instrument(s)
Years active1950–2006
Labels

Sir George Henry Martin CBE (3 January 1926 – 8 March 2016) was an English record producer, arranger, composer, conductor, audio engineer, and musician. He was referred to as the "Fifth Beatle" in reference to his extensive involvement in each of the Beatles' original albums.[1]

Martin's career spanned more than six decades in music, film, television and live performance. Before working with the Beatles and other pop musicians, he produced comedy and novelty records in the 1950s and early 1960s, working with Peter Sellers, Spike Milligan and Bernard Cribbins, among others. In his career he produced 30 number-one hit singles in the United Kingdom and 23 number-one hits in the United States. He also held a number of senior executive roles at media companies and contributed to a wide range of charitable causes, including his work for The Prince's Trust and the Caribbean island of Montserrat. In recognition of his services to the music industry and popular culture, he was made a Knight Bachelor in 1996.

Early years

Martin was born on 3 January 1926[2] in Highbury, London. When he was six, his family acquired a piano that sparked his interest in music.[3] At eight years of age, he persuaded his parents, Henry and Betha Beatrice (née Simpson) Martin,[4] that he should take piano lessons, but those ended after only eight lessons because of a disagreement between his mother and the teacher.

As a child, he attended several schools, including a "convent school in Holloway", St Joseph's School (Highgate), and at St Ignatius' College (Stamford Hill), where he had won a scholarship. When WWII broke out St. Ignatius College students were evacuated to Welwyn Garden City. George's family left London, with him being enrolled at Bromley Grammar School.[5]

I remember well the very first time I heard a symphony orchestra. I was just in my teens when Sir Adrian Boult brought the BBC Symphony Orchestra to my school for a public concert. It was absolutely magical. Hearing such glorious sounds I found it difficult to connect them with ninety men and women blowing into brass and wooden instruments or scraping away at strings with horsehair bows.[6]

Despite Martin's continued interest in music, and "fantasies about being the next Rachmaninoff", he did not initially choose music as a career.[7] He worked briefly as a quantity surveyor, and later for the War Office as a Temporary Clerk (Grade Three), which meant filing paperwork and making tea.[8]

In 1943, when he was 17, he joined the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy becoming a commissioned officer and aerial observer. The war ended before Martin was involved in any combat, and he left the service in 1947.[9]

Encouraged by the pianist, teacher and broadcaster Sidney Harrison, Martin used his veteran's grant to attend the Guildhall School of Music and Drama from 1947 to 1950. He studied piano and oboe, being interested in the music of Rachmaninoff and Ravel and Cole Porter. His oboe teacher was Margaret Eliot (the mother of Jane Asher, who later became involved with Paul McCartney).[10][11][12] After that, Martin explained that he had just picked it up by himself.[13] On 3 January 1948 – while still at the Academy – he married Sheena Chisholm, with whom he had two children, Alexis and Gregory Paul Martin. He later married Judy Lockhart-Smith on 24 June 1966, and they also had two children, Lucie and Giles Martin.

Parlophone

The Beatles' first LP (produced by Martin)

After graduating, Martin worked for the BBC's classical music department, then joined EMI in 1950 as an assistant to Oscar Preuss, the head of EMI's Parlophone Records from 1950 to 1955. Although having been regarded by EMI as a vital German imprint in the past, it was then not taken seriously and only used for EMI's insignificant acts.[10][14] After taking over Parlophone, as head of artists and repertoire,[15] when Preuss retired in 1955, Martin recorded classical and Baroque music, original cast recordings, and regional music from around Britain and Ireland.[16][17]

Martin also produced numerous comedy and novelty records. His first success for Parlophone was the "Mock Mozart" single, performed by Peter Ustinov with Antony Hopkins – a record reluctantly released in 1952 by EMI, only after Preuss insisted they give his young assistant, Martin, a chance. In 1956 he produced the well known children's song "Nellie the Elephant" which was released by Parlophone in October of that year. Later that decade, he created what has been cited as "the first British comedy LP created in a recording studio" with Peter Sellers - The Best Of Sellers (1958). The album and its follow-up Songs for Swingin' Sellers (1959) were critical and commercial successes in the UK.[18]

As he had worked with Sellers, he also came to know Spike Milligan, with whom he became a firm friend, and was best man at Milligan's second wedding: "I loved The Goon Show, and issued an album of it on my label Parlophone, which is how I got to know Spike."[19] The album was Bridge on the River Wye. It was a spoof of the film The Bridge on the River Kwai, being based on the 1957 Goon Show episode "An African Incident". It was intended to have the same name as the film, but shortly before its release, the film company threatened legal action if the name was used.[20] Martin edited out the 'K' every time the word Kwai was spoken, with Bridge on the River Wye being the result. The River Wye is a river that runs through England and Wales. The album featured Milligan, Sellers, Jonathan Miller, and Peter Cook, playing various characters.[21][22]

Other comedians he worked with included Bernard Cribbins, Charlie Drake, Terry Scott, Bruce Forsyth, Michael Bentine, Dudley Moore, Flanders and Swann, Lance Percival, Joan Sims, Bill Oddie, and The Alberts. He worked with both Jim Dale and the Vipers Skiffle Group, with whom he had several hits. In early 1962, Martin collaborated with Maddalena Fagandini, then working at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, to create two electronic singles, "Time Beat" and "Waltz in Orbit", which were released as records by the pseudonymous Ray Cathode.[23] As Martin wanted to add rock and roll to Parlophone's repertoire, he struggled to find a "fireproof" hit-making pop artist or group.[24]

As a producer, Martin recorded the two-man show featuring Michael Flanders and Donald Swann, At the Drop of a Hat, which sold steadily for twenty-five years, although his breakthrough as a producer came with the Beyond the Fringe show cast album, which starred Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Alan Bennett, and Jonathan Miller, and he also produced the accompanying soundtrack album for David Frost's satirical BBC TV show That Was the Week That Was in 1963. His work transformed the profile of Parlophone from a "sad little company" to a very profitable business.[25]

The Beatles

Martin working with the Beatles in a studio during Beatles for Sale sessions, 1964

Martin was contacted by Sid Coleman of Ardmore & Beechwood, who told him about Brian Epstein, the manager of a band whom he had met. He thought Martin might be interested in the group, even though they had been turned down by Decca Records. Until that time, although there had been considerable success with comedy records, Martin had had less success with popular music, although in 1960/61 he did have number-1 and number-4 hits with the Temperance Seven, and number-3 and number-5 hits with Matt Monro; other releases included "Who Could Be Bluer" by Jerry Lordan, and singles with Shane Fenton. After the telephone call by Coleman, Martin arranged a meeting on 13 February 1962 with Brian Epstein.[26] Martin listened to a tape recorded at Decca, and he thought that Epstein's group was "rather unpromising" but liked the sound of Lennon's and McCartney's vocals.[27]

After another meeting with Epstein on 9 May at EMI Studios in London, Martin was impressed by Epstein's enthusiasm and agreed to sign the unknown Beatles to a recording contract, without having met them or seen them play live.[28] The contract was not what it seemed, however, as Martin would not sign it himself until he had heard an audition, and later said that EMI had "nothing to lose," as it offered one penny for each record sold, which was split among the four members.[29] Martin suggested to EMI (after the release of "From Me to You") that the royalty rate should be doubled without asking for anything in return, which led to Martin being thought of as a "traitor in EMI".[30]

The Beatles auditioned for Martin on 6 June 1962, in studio three at EMI.[31] Ron Richards and his engineer Norman Smith recorded four songs, which Martin (who was not present during the recording) listened to at the end of the session. The verdict was not promising, however, as Richards complained about Pete Best's drumming, and Martin thought their original songs were simply not good enough.[28] Martin asked the individual Beatles if there was anything they personally did not like, to which George Harrison replied, "I don't like your tie." That was the turning point, according to Smith, as John Lennon and Paul McCartney joined in with jokes and comic wordplay, that made Martin think that he should sign them to a contract for their wit alone.[32]

The Beatles' second recording session with Martin was on 4 September 1962, when they recorded "How Do You Do It", heavily modified by The Beatles which Martin thought was a sure-fire hit, even though Lennon and McCartney did not want to release it, not being one of their own compositions or style.[33] Martin was correct: Gerry & the Pacemakers' version, which Martin produced, spent three weeks at No. 1 in April 1963, before being displaced by the Beatles' "From Me to You". On 11 September 1962, the Beatles re-recorded "Love Me Do" with session player Andy White playing drums. Ringo Starr was asked to play tambourine and maracas, and although he complied, he was definitely "not pleased". Due to an EMI library error, a 4 September version with Starr playing drums was issued on the British single release; afterwards, the tape was destroyed, and the 11 September recording with Andy White on drums was used for all subsequent releases.[34] Martin later praised Starr's drumming, calling him "probably ... the finest rock drummer in the world today".[35] As "Love Me Do" peaked at number 17 in the British charts, on 26 November 1962 Martin recorded "Please Please Me", which he did only after Lennon and McCartney had almost begged him to record another of their original songs. Martin's crucial contribution to the song was to tell them to speed up what was initially a slow ballad. After the recording Martin looked over the mixing desk and said, "Gentlemen, you have just made your first number one record".[36][37] Martin directed Epstein to find a good publisher, as Ardmore & Beechwood had done nothing to promote "Love Me Do", informing Epstein of three publishers who, in Martin's opinion, would be fair and honest, which led them to Dick James.[38]

As an arranger

Abbey Road Studios, where Martin recorded Parlophone's artists

Martin's formal musical expertise helped fill the gaps between the Beatles' unrefined talent and the sound which distinguished them from other groups, which eventually made them successful. Most of the Beatles' orchestral arrangements and instrumentation were written or performed by Martin, as well as frequent keyboard parts on the early records, in collaboration with the less musically experienced band.[39] It was Martin's idea to score a string quartet accompaniment for "Yesterday" against McCartney's initial reluctance.[39][40] Martin played the song in the style of Bach to show McCartney the voicings that were available.[41] Another example is the song "Penny Lane", which featured a piccolo trumpet solo that was requested by McCartney after hearing the instrument on a BBC broadcast. McCartney hummed the melody that he wanted, and Martin notated it for David Mason, the classically trained trumpeter.[42]

Martin's work as an arranger was used for many Beatles recordings. For "Eleanor Rigby", he scored and conducted a strings-only accompaniment inspired by Bernard Herrmann. On a Canadian speaking tour in 2007, Martin said that his "Eleanor Rigby" score was influenced by Herrmann's score for the Alfred Hitchcock thriller Psycho.[43] For "Strawberry Fields Forever", he and recording engineer Geoff Emerick turned two very different takes into a single master through careful use of vari-speed and editing.[44] For "I Am the Walrus", he provided a quirky and original arrangement for brass, violins, cellos, and the Mike Sammes Singers vocal ensemble.[45][46][47] On "In My Life", he played a speeded-up baroque piano solo.[48] He worked with McCartney to implement the orchestral climax in "A Day in the Life", and he and McCartney shared conducting duties the day that it was recorded.[49]

Martin contributed integral parts to other songs, including the piano in "Lovely Rita",[50] the harpsichord in songs such as "Because" and "Fixing a Hole"; the old steam organ and tape loop arrangement that created the Pablo Fanque circus atmosphere that Lennon requested on "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" (both Martin and Lennon played steam organ parts for this song), and the orchestration in "Good Night".[51][52][53] The first song that Martin did not arrange was "She's Leaving Home", as he had a prior engagement to produce a Cilla Black session, so McCartney contacted arranger Mike Leander to do it. Martin was reportedly hurt by this, but still produced the recording and conducted the orchestra himself.[54] Martin was in demand as an independent arranger and producer by the time of the band's 1968 self-titled double album (also known as the "White Album"), so the Beatles were left to produce various tracks by themselves.[55]

Martin composed and arranged the score for the Beatles' film Yellow Submarine[56] and the James Bond film Live and Let Die, for which Paul McCartney wrote and sang the title song.[57] He helped arrange Paul and Linda McCartney's American number 1 single "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey".[58]

Paul McCartney once commended Martin by saying: "George Martin [was] quite experimental for who he was, a grown-up."[59]

Film and composing work

Beginning in the late 1950s, Martin began to supplement his producer income by publishing music and having his artists record it. He used the pseudonyms Lezlo Anales and John Chisholm, before settling on Graham Fisher as his primary pseudonym.[60]

Martin composed, arranged, and produced film scores since the early 1960s, including the instrumental scores of the films A Hard Day's Night (1964, for which he won an Academy Award Nomination), Ferry Cross the Mersey (1965), Yellow Submarine (1968), and Live and Let Die (1973). Other notable movie scores include Crooks Anonymous (1962), The Family Way (1966), Pulp (1972, starring Michael Caine and Mickey Rooney), the Peter Sellers film The Optimists of Nine Elms (1973), and the John Schlesinger-directed Honky Tonk Freeway (1981).[61]

Martin was also commissioned to write an official opening theme for BBC Radio 1's launch in September 1967. Entitled "Theme One", it was the first music heard on Radio 1 (not The Move's "Flowers in the Rain", which was the first record played in full on the station).[62] The tune was later covered by the British progressive rock group Van der Graaf Generator.[63]

In November 2017, the Craig Leon-produced album George Martin – Film Scores and Original Orchestral Music was released. The album of new recordings collected a selection of Martin's compositions together for the first time, including previously unheard pieces Belle Etoile and sketches from the feature film The Mission (1986) which were not used in the original soundtrack.

The Beatles Anthology

Martin oversaw post-production on The Beatles Anthology (which was originally entitled The Long and Winding Road) in 1994 and 1995, working again with Geoff Emerick.[64] Martin decided to use an old 8-track analogue mixing console – which EMI learned an engineer still had – to mix the songs for the project, instead of a modern digital console. He explained this by saying that the old console created a completely different sound, which a new console could not accurately reproduce.[65] He also said he found the whole project a strange experience, as they had to listen to themselves chatting in the studio, 25–30 years previously.[66]

Martin stepped down when it came to producing the two new singles reuniting McCartney, Harrison, and Starr, who wanted to overdub two old Lennon demos. Martin had suffered a hearing loss, so he left the work to writer/producer Jeff Lynne of the Electric Light Orchestra.[67][68]

Cirque du Soleil and Love

In 2006, Martin and his son, Giles Martin, remixed 80 minutes of Beatles music for the Las Vegas stage performance Love, a joint venture between Cirque du Soleil and the Beatles' Apple Corps Ltd.[69] A soundtrack album from the show was released that same year.[70]

Public image

Martin's contribution to the Beatles' work received regular critical acclaim, and led to him being described as the "fifth Beatle". In 2016, McCartney wrote that "If anyone earned the title of the fifth Beatle it was George".[71][72] According to Alan Parsons, he had "great ears" and "rightfully earned the title of "fifth Beatle".[73] Julian Lennon called Martin "the fifth Beatle, without question".[74]

In the immediate aftermath of the Beatles' break-up, a time when he made many angry utterances, John Lennon trivialised Martin's importance to the Beatles' music. In his 1970 interview with Jann Wenner, Lennon said, "[Dick James] is another one of those people, who think they made us. They didn't. I'd like to hear Dick James' music and I'd like to hear George Martin's music, please, just play me some."[75]

In a 1971 letter to Paul McCartney, Lennon wrote, "When people ask me questions about 'What did George Martin really do for you?,' I have only one answer, 'What does he do now?' I noticed you had no answer for that! It's not a putdown, it's the truth."[76] Lennon wrote that Martin took too much credit for the Beatles' music. Commenting specifically on "Revolution 9", Lennon said, "For Martin to state that he was 'painting a sound picture' is pure hallucination. Ask any of the other people involved. The final editing Yoko and I did alone."[76]

In 1971, Lennon said, "George Martin made us what we were in the studio. He helped us develop a language to talk to other musicians."[77]

Other artists

Martin in 2007

Martin produced recordings for many other artists, including contemporaries of the Beatles. Artists that Martin worked with include singers Matt Monro, Cilla Black, Elton John, Celine Dion, Kenny Rogers, Yoshiki of X Japan, Gary Brooker, Neil Sedaka, and the a cappella vocal ensemble The King's Singers;[78] guitarists Jeff Beck, John McLaughlin, and John Williams; 1960s duo Edwards Hand; and the bands Ultravox, America, The Action, UFO, The Fourmost, Cheap Trick, David and Jonathan, Gerry & The Pacemakers, Billy J. Kramer & the Dakotas, and Little River Band.[79][80]

Also working with Gary Glitter before his chart success, Martin recorded several songs with him in the early 1960s, with the singer using the pseudonym of "Paul Raven". He also produced the album The Man in the Bowler Hat (1974) for the eccentric British folk-rock group Stackridge.[81] Martin worked with Paul Winter on his (1972) Icarus album, which was recorded in a rented house by the sea in Marblehead, Massachusetts. Winter said that Martin taught him "how to use the studio as a tool", and allowed him to record the album in a relaxed atmosphere, which was different from the pressurised control in a professional studio.[82] In 1979 he worked with Ron Goodwin to produce the album containing The Beatles Concerto, written by John Rutter. In 2010, Martin was the executive producer of the hard rock debut of Arms of the Sun, an all-star project featuring Rex Brown (Pantera, Down), John Luke Hebert (King Diamond), Lance Harvill and Ben Bunker.[83]

In 1991, Martin contributed the string arrangement and conducted the orchestra for the song "Ticket To Heaven" on the last Dire Straits studio album, On Every Street. In 1992, Martin worked with Pete Townshend on the musical stage production of The Who's Tommy. The play opened on Broadway in 1993, with the original cast album being released that summer. Martin won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 1993, as the producer of that album.

In 1995, he contributed the horn and string arrangement for the song "Latitude" on the Elton John Made in England album, which was recorded at Martin's AIR Studios London. He also produced "Candle in the Wind 1997", Elton's tribute single to the late Diana, Princess of Wales, which topped charts around the world in September 1997.[84][85]

Associated Independent Recording (AIR)

Within the recording industry, Martin was known for having become independent at a time when many producers were still salaried. EMI had refused his pleas for royalties on his own work,[15] nor did they provide him with any year-end bonuses (which were standard for EMI employees) after 1962, maintaining that his £3000 annual salary was sufficient remuneration for his services, at a time when artists he had signed and was producing had generated tens of millions of pounds for EMI. By 1965, the Beatles' success had given Martin the leverage to start Associated Independent Recording (AIR), which enabled him to hire out his services to other artists. Martin also took EMI's best producers and staff along with him to AIR.[15] AIR demonstrated how important Martin's talents were to his artists, and it allowed him a share in record royalties on his hits.[86] To this day, AIR remains one of the world's pre-eminent recording studios.[87] In 1979, Martin opened AIR Montserrat, a studio on the Caribbean island of Montserrat. This studio was destroyed by Hurricane Hugo ten years later.[88]

Music from the James Bond series

Martin also directly and indirectly contributed to the main themes of three films in the James Bond series. Although Martin did not produce the theme for the second Bond film, From Russia with Love, he was responsible for the signing of Matt Monro to EMI, just months prior to his recording of the song of the same title.[89]

Martin also produced two of the best-known James Bond themes. The first was "Goldfinger" by Shirley Bassey in 1964.[90] The second, in 1973, was "Live and Let Die" by Paul McCartney and Wings for the film of the same name. He also composed and produced the film's score.[91]

Books and audio retrospective

In 1979, Martin published a memoir, All You Need is Ears (co-written with Jeremy Hornsby), that described his work with the Beatles and other artists (including Peter Sellers, Sophia Loren, Shirley Bassey, Flanders and Swann, Matt Monro, and Dudley Moore), and gave an informal introduction to the art and science of sound recording. In 1993, he published Summer of Love: The Making of Sgt Pepper (published in the U.S. as With a Little Help from My Friends: The Making of Sgt Pepper, co-authored with William Pearson),[92][93] which also included interview quotations from a 1992 South Bank Show episode discussing the album. Martin also edited a 1983 book called Making Music: The Guide to Writing, Performing and Recording.

In 2001, Martin released Produced by George Martin: 50 Years in Recording, a six-CD retrospective of his entire studio career, and in 2002, Martin launched Playback, his limited-edition illustrated autobiography, published by Genesis Publications.[94]

Television

The Rhythm of Life

In 1997–98, Martin hosted a three-part BBC co-produced documentary series titled The Rhythm of Life, in which he discussed various aspects of musical composition with professional musicians and singers, among them Brian Wilson, Billy Joel, and Celine Dion. The series aired on the Ovation television network in the United States.[95][96][97]

Produced by George Martin

On 25 April 2011, a 90-minute documentary feature film co-produced by the BBC Arena team, Produced by George Martin, aired to critical acclaim for the first time in the UK. It combines rare archive footage and new interviews with, among others, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Jeff Beck, Cilla Black, and Giles Martin, and tells the life story of how George Martin, a schoolboy growing up in the Depression, grew up to become a legendary music producer. The film, with over 50 minutes of extra footage, including interviews from Rick Rubin, T-Bone Burnett and Ken Scott, was released worldwide by Eagle Rock Entertainment on DVD and Blu-ray on 10 September 2012.

Soundbreaking: Stories from the Cutting Edge of Recorded Music

Produced in association with Sir George Martin, Soundbreaking: Stories from the Cutting Edge of Recorded Music charts a century's worth of music innovation and experimentation, and offers a behind-the-scenes look at recorded music. Soundbreaking features more than 160 original interviews with some of the most celebrated recording artists, producers, and music industry pioneers of all time. Soundbreaking became George Martin's last, and one of his most personal, projects when he died six days before its premiere.[98]

Death

Martin died in his sleep on the night of 8 March 2016 at his home in Wiltshire, England, at the age of 90.[99][100] His death was announced by Ringo Starr on his Twitter account,[101] and a spokesperson for Universal Music Group confirmed his death.[102] The cause of his death was not disclosed.[103]

Awards and recognition

Martin was one of a handful of producers to have number one records in three or more consecutive decades (1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s). Others in this group include Phil Spector (1950s, 1960s and 1970s), Quincy Jones (1960s, 1970s and 1980s), Michael Omartian (1970s, 1980s and 1990s), and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis (1980s, 1990s, and 2000s).[117][118]

Selected non-Beatles hit records produced or co-produced by George Martin

Records produced by Martin have achieved 30 number one singles and 16 number one albums in the UK – plus 23 number one singles and 19 number one albums in North America (most of which were by The Beatles).[119]

Main article: The Beatles discography
Main article: Paul McCartney discography

Discography

Selected discography (as producer)

See also: The Beatles discography and Paul McCartney discography

Coat of arms

External image
image icon Martin's heraldic badge: A zebra statant proper supporting with the dexter foreleg over the shoulder an Abbot's Crozier Or.

Sir George was granted a coat of arms in 2004, with the Latin motto "Amore Solum Opus Est" which translates to "All you need is love." The arms are a prime example of canting arms, creating arms with a visual pun, including Martin, a recorder, beetles, and a badge (not shown) of a zebra holding an abbot's crozier, representing both Abbey Road Studios and the Beatles' album, with its iconic cover featuring a zebra crossing.[120]

Coat of arms of George Martin
George Martin Shield.png
Crest
(upon a Helm with a wreath Argent and Azure): A House Martin proper holding under the sinister wing a Recorder in bend sinister mouthpiece downwards Or.
Escutcheon
Azure on a Fess nebuly Argent between three Stag Beetles Or five Barrulets Sable.
Badge
A Zebra statant proper supporting with the dexter foreleg over the shoulder an Abbot's Crozier Or.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Sir George Martin, the Fifth Beatle, dies aged 90 – reaction". The Daily Telegraph. 9 March 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  2. ^ "UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 3, 2019". United Press International. 3 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019. Beatles record producer George Martin in 1926
  3. ^ Martin 1989, p. 13.
  4. ^ Mosley 2003, pp. 2631–2632.
  5. ^ Martin 1995, p. 15.
  6. ^ A lifelong love affair with the orchestra bbc.co.uk; retrieved 21 September 2007
  7. ^ Martin 1995, p. 17.
  8. ^ Martin 1995, p. 18.
  9. ^ Martin 1995, pp. 25–28.
  10. ^ a b Spitz 2005, p. 296.
  11. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 438.
  12. ^ Martin 1995, pp. 18–25.
  13. ^ Martin 1995, p. 14.
  14. ^ Martin 1995, pp. 28–29.
  15. ^ a b c D.H. (16 October 2017). "The first biography of George Martin, the Beatles' only producer". The Economist.
  16. ^ Martin 1995, p. 63.
  17. ^ Martin 1995, pp. 84–85.
  18. ^ Doering, James (24 February 2010). Lewisohn, Adolph. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. p. 273.
  19. ^ Ventham 2002, p. 62.
  20. ^ Sikov, Ed (1 November 2003). Mr. Strangelove: A Biography of Peter Sellers. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0-7868-6664-9.
  21. ^ Lewis 1995, pp. 205–206.
  22. ^ "Description of Bridge on The River Wye—scroll down page". Thegoonshow.net. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  23. ^ "George Martin Early Electronic Recordings to Be Reissued". bestclassicbands.com. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  24. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 330–331.
  25. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 297.
  26. ^ Spitz 2005, pp. 297–298.
  27. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 301.
  28. ^ a b Miles 1997, p. 90.
  29. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 312.
  30. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 414.
  31. ^ Martin 1995, pp. 120–123.
  32. ^ Spitz 2005, pp. 318–319.
  33. ^ Lewisohn 1990, p. 7.
  34. ^ Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1
  35. ^ George Martin interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
  36. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 360.
  37. ^ "Congratulations, gentlemen, you've just made your first number one." bbc.co.uk. Retrieved: 21 September 2007.
  38. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 364.
  39. ^ a b Miles 1997, p. 205.
  40. ^ "What about a classical string quartet?" bbc.co.uk. Retrieved: 21 September 2007
  41. ^ Miles 1997, p. 206.
  42. ^ Lewisohn 1990, p. 93.
  43. ^ MacDonald 1994, p. 163.
  44. ^ Lewisohn 1990, pp. 90–91.
  45. ^ Lewisohn 1990, p. 127.
  46. ^ Miles 1997, p. 357.
  47. ^ MacDonald 1994, p. 216.
  48. ^ Lewisohn 1990, p. 65.
  49. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 326–328.
  50. ^ MacDonald 1994, pp. 189–190.
  51. ^ Lewisohn 1990, p. 99.
  52. ^ Miles 1997, p. 318.
  53. ^ Lewisohn 1990, p. 144.
  54. ^ Miles 1997, p. 317.
  55. ^ Miles 1997, p. 491.
  56. ^ Martin 1995, pp. 226–230.
  57. ^ Martin 1995, pp. 231–232.
  58. ^ "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey". The Beatles Bible. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  59. ^ "Good Day Sunshine". 100 Greatest Beatle Songs. Rolling Stone. 19 September 2011.
  60. ^ Lewisohn 2013, p. 273.
  61. ^ "George Martin (filmography as composer)". IMDb. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
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References

External links

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