Basil Brush: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Fox puppet from UK children's TV programme}} | {{short description|Fox puppet from UK children's TV programme}} | ||
{{Infobox character | |||
| name = Basil Brush | | name = Basil Brush | ||
| image = Basil Brush. | | image = Basil Brush.webp | ||
| creator = {{plainlist| | | creator = {{plainlist| | ||
* [[Ivan Owen]] | * [[w:Ivan Owen|Ivan Owen]] | ||
* [[Peter Firmin]] | * [[w:Peter Firmin|Peter Firmin]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
| portrayer = {{plainlist| | | portrayer = {{plainlist| | ||
| Line 12: | Line 11: | ||
* Michael Winsor (2002–present) | * Michael Winsor (2002–present) | ||
}} | }} | ||
| species = [[Red fox|Fox]] | | species = [[w:Red fox|Fox]] | ||
| gender = Male | | gender = Male | ||
| first =''The Three Scampies'' (1962) | | first =''The Three Scampies'' (1962) | ||
| Line 25: | Line 24: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Basil Brush''' is a fictional [[red fox]], best known for his appearances on daytime British children's television. He is primarily portrayed by a glove puppet, but has also been depicted in animated cartoon shorts and comic strips. The character has featured on children's television from the 1960s to the present day. He has also appeared in pantomimes across the UK. | '''Basil Brush''' is a fictional [[w:red fox|red fox]], best known for his appearances on daytime British children's television. He is primarily portrayed by a glove puppet, but has also been depicted in animated cartoon shorts and comic strips. The character has featured on children's television from the 1960s to the present day. He has also appeared in pantomimes across the UK. | ||
A mischievous character and a raconteur, Basil Brush is best known for his catchphrase "Ha Ha Ha! [[Sting (percussion)|Boom! Boom!]]", used after something he finds funny, and also for speaking in a "posh" accent and manner, referring to himself as a "fella". The character claims to dislike puppets,<ref>{{Cite web|title=BASIL BRUSH - Frazer Ashford|url=http://www.frazerashford.com/basil-brush/4593346000|access-date=2021-08-01|website=www.frazerashford.com}}</ref> and says his most prized possession is his brush, this being the traditional name for a fox's tail.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basil Brush: Boom Boom!|url=https://www.magrigg.co.uk/blog/basil-brush-boom-boom/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Blog {{!}} Griggs|language=en}}</ref> The character of Basil Brush publicly supports [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City Football Club]], which he refers to as “the foxes”.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-18|title=50 years on the telly: interview with BBC superstar Basil Brush|url=https://the-shortlisted.co.uk/basil-brush-fox-interview/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=The Shortlisted|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-16|title=Unexpected famous fans of Midlands football teams|url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2016-02-16/unexpected-famous-fans-of-midlands-football-teams|access-date=2021-08-01|website=ITV News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Leicester City - Alternative History|url=https://www.mehstg.com/leicest.htm|access-date=2021-08-01|website=www.mehstg.com}}</ref> | A mischievous character and a raconteur, Basil Brush is best known for his catchphrase "Ha Ha Ha! [[w:Sting (percussion)|Boom! Boom!]]", used after something he finds funny, and also for speaking in a "posh" accent and manner, referring to himself as a "fella". The character claims to dislike puppets,<ref>{{Cite web|title=BASIL BRUSH - Frazer Ashford|url=http://www.frazerashford.com/basil-brush/4593346000|access-date=2021-08-01|website=www.frazerashford.com}}</ref> and says his most prized possession is his brush, this being the traditional name for a fox's tail.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basil Brush: Boom Boom!|url=https://www.magrigg.co.uk/blog/basil-brush-boom-boom/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Blog {{!}} Griggs|language=en}}</ref> The character of Basil Brush publicly supports [[w:Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City Football Club]], which he refers to as “the foxes”.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-18|title=50 years on the telly: interview with BBC superstar Basil Brush|url=https://the-shortlisted.co.uk/basil-brush-fox-interview/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=The Shortlisted|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-16|title=Unexpected famous fans of Midlands football teams|url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2016-02-16/unexpected-famous-fans-of-midlands-football-teams|access-date=2021-08-01|website=ITV News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Leicester City - Alternative History|url=https://www.mehstg.com/leicest.htm|access-date=2021-08-01|website=www.mehstg.com}}</ref> | ||
==1962 to 1968== | ==1962 to 1968== | ||
The original Basil Brush glove puppet was designed by [[Peter Firmin]] in 1962 for an ITV television series, and was voiced and performed by [[Ivan Owen]] until his death in October 2000.<ref>{{cite news|first=Dennis|last=Barker |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/oct/20/guardianobituaries |title=Obituary: Ivan Owen |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> | The original Basil Brush glove puppet was designed by [[w:Peter Firmin|Peter Firmin]] in 1962 for an ITV television series, and was voiced and performed by [[w:Ivan Owen|Ivan Owen]] until his death in October 2000.<ref>{{cite news|first=Dennis|last=Barker |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/oct/20/guardianobituaries |title=Obituary: Ivan Owen |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=2015-11-19}}</ref> | ||
Ivan Owen took great care to ensure that he, personally, never received any publicity. Professionally, only Basil had a public persona, with Owen himself remaining entirely unknown. This helped give the character believability, making Basil appear to be real, since—unlike [[Harry Corbett]] and [[Sooty]], for example—the audience never saw the puppeteer. Owen modelled Basil's voice on the actor [[Terry-Thomas]], giving the puppet a touch of well-cultivated class.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary, Ivan Owen|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1371002/Ivan-Owen.html|access-date=23 November 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=20 October 2000}}</ref> | Ivan Owen took great care to ensure that he, personally, never received any publicity. Professionally, only Basil had a public persona, with Owen himself remaining entirely unknown. This helped give the character believability, making Basil appear to be real, since—unlike [[w:Harry Corbett|Harry Corbett]] and [[w:Sooty|Sooty]], for example—the audience never saw the puppeteer. Owen modelled Basil's voice on the actor [[Terry-Thomas]], giving the puppet a touch of well-cultivated class.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary, Ivan Owen|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1371002/Ivan-Owen.html|access-date=23 November 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=20 October 2000}}</ref> | ||
Basil first appeared on television in 1962, in a series called ''The Three Scampies'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=McGown |first1=Alistair |title=Oliver Postgate and Peter Firmin |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/562266/index.html |website=BFI Screenonline |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> a story of an out-of-work circus act. The human was Howard Williams, Ivan Owen animated and voiced Basil and [[Wally Whyton]] animated and voiced Spike McPike, a very aggressive Scottish hedgehog also made by Peter Firmin. | Basil first appeared on television in 1962, in a series called ''The Three Scampies'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=McGown |first1=Alistair |title=Oliver Postgate and Peter Firmin |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/562266/index.html |website=BFI Screenonline |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> a story of an out-of-work circus act. The human was Howard Williams, Ivan Owen animated and voiced Basil and [[Wally Whyton]] animated and voiced Spike McPike, a very aggressive Scottish hedgehog also made by Peter Firmin. | ||
| Line 204: | Line 203: | ||
[[Category:British comedy puppets]] | [[Category:British comedy puppets]] | ||
[[Category:Anthropomorphic foxes]] | [[Category:Anthropomorphic foxes]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:01, 5 December 2022
| Basil Brush | |
|---|---|
 | |
| First appearance | The Three Scampies (1962) |
| Created by | |
| Portrayed by |
|
| In-universe information | |
| Nickname | Jay North |
| Species | Fox |
| Gender | Male |
| Significant other | Roxy |
| Relatives | Mortimer (Cousin), Bingo and Bungo Brush (nephews) |
| Nationality | British |
Basil Brush is a fictional red fox, best known for his appearances on daytime British children's television. He is primarily portrayed by a glove puppet, but has also been depicted in animated cartoon shorts and comic strips. The character has featured on children's television from the 1960s to the present day. He has also appeared in pantomimes across the UK.
A mischievous character and a raconteur, Basil Brush is best known for his catchphrase "Ha Ha Ha! Boom! Boom!", used after something he finds funny, and also for speaking in a "posh" accent and manner, referring to himself as a "fella". The character claims to dislike puppets,[1] and says his most prized possession is his brush, this being the traditional name for a fox's tail.[2] The character of Basil Brush publicly supports Leicester City Football Club, which he refers to as “the foxes”.[3][4][5]
1962 to 1968
The original Basil Brush glove puppet was designed by Peter Firmin in 1962 for an ITV television series, and was voiced and performed by Ivan Owen until his death in October 2000.[6]
Ivan Owen took great care to ensure that he, personally, never received any publicity. Professionally, only Basil had a public persona, with Owen himself remaining entirely unknown. This helped give the character believability, making Basil appear to be real, since—unlike Harry Corbett and Sooty, for example—the audience never saw the puppeteer. Owen modelled Basil's voice on the actor Terry-Thomas, giving the puppet a touch of well-cultivated class.[7]
Basil first appeared on television in 1962, in a series called The Three Scampies,[8] a story of an out-of-work circus act. The human was Howard Williams, Ivan Owen animated and voiced Basil and Wally Whyton animated and voiced Spike McPike, a very aggressive Scottish hedgehog also made by Peter Firmin.
In the mid-1960s Basil became a supporting act for the magician David Nixon, upstaging Nixon on the latter's BBC1 show Nixon at Nine-Five in 1967 and The Nixon Line (1967–68), to such good effect that Basil was offered his own show.
The Basil Brush Show from 1968 to 1980
The Basil Brush Show ran for 12 years from 1968 until 1980, in which he was supported by various famous stooges: first, in 1968, by the actor Rodney Bewes, known on the show as "Mr Rodney"; next, from 1969 to 1973, by the actor Derek Fowlds (known as "Mr Derek"); then until 1976 by actor and singer Roy North ("Mr Roy"); then by "Mr Howard" Howard Williams, who was in the original "Three Scampies"; and finally by "Mr Billy" (Billy Boyle). By the mid-1970s the show was aimed at a family audience, so was usually broadcast on BBC1 in an early evening timeslot on Saturdays. This, plus a degree of sophistication in the humour (which often included topical political jokes) helped give Basil a broad appeal. In the 1970s he became a mainstream act, attracting a family audience.
The show was recorded with a studio audience, and usually ran about 25 minutes. The format typically featured an opening introduction by Basil and his stooge (Mr Rodney, Mr Derek, etc.), in which they would do a few jokes; this was followed by a comedy sketch, featuring topical jokes about a then-current subject (for instance, a sketch set on board an aeroplane flying them to a holiday in Spain, loosely based around the hit pop song Eviva España); then a musical item, featuring a guest singer or group (these included some of the best known singers of the day, top stars such as Demis Roussos in 1973, Petula Clark in 1979, and Cilla Black — big stars vied to get on the show, which had a large audience); sometimes the guest singer would do a song, straight, but then also do a comic duet with Basil.
Finally, the show would conclude with 'storytime', in which the straight man would read aloud from a serial story about the adventures of some fictitious historical relative of Basil's – for instance 'Bulldog' Basil, or Blast-Off Basil and his journey to the stars (a Star Trek spoof), or Basil de Farmer, the knight in shining armour (a Robin Hood spoof); or at least he would attempt to, whilst being continually interrupted by a string of jokes and humorous remarks (often concerning "Dirty Gertie from Number Thirty") from Basil. Often at this point, in the mid-1970s, Basil would get out Little Ticker, his clockwork wind-up dog, and have it do humorous tricks at the side, almost off-camera, in order to distract the audience and thereby take the rise out of Mr Roy. Each week's story ended on a cliffhanger and the catchphrase "and that's all we've got time for this week, Basil", followed by protestations from Basil which would lead into a final song, based upon that week's serial story, whilst the closing credits rolled.
1980s
A dispute in 1980 led to the show's cancellation. Ivan Owen aspired to a mid-evening timeslot, to which the BBC were unwilling to agree. In 1982, the puppet reappeared on television in Let's Read With Basil Brush, an infant schools programme on ITV produced by Granada Television. Basil eventually returned to the BBC, as co-host of the long-running children's television series Crackerjack, broadcast at 4:55 pm on Fridays, during the 1983–84 season.
Basil Brush also performed in the theatre, regularly appearing live in Pantomime at Christmas; usually co-starring at the top of the bill with a well-known singer or comedian. His pantomime co-stars during the 1960s included the singer Cilla Black. After the television show's cancellation in 1980, Basil ended his partnership with Mr Billy and teamed up once again with Howard Williams ("Mr Howard"); they toured in a live stage show, capitalising on Basil's celebrity and continuing popularity as a result of thirteen years on TV.
During this period Basil also featured in his own cartoon strip in the children's publication TV Comic, published weekly in Britain by Polystyle Publications.
The Basil Brush Show from 2002 to 2007
In 2002, after Ivan Owen had died, Basil made a comeback (performed by Michael Winsor)[9] in a children's BBC sitcom, again named The Basil Brush Show, in which his new comic foil, Mr Stephen, is played by Christopher Pizzey. It was produced by The Foundation, part of the RDF Media Group. Child actors Georgina Leonidas and Michael Hayes also appeared on the show. Basil Brush now had a family, which included his destructive, hyperactive but cute nephew Bingo, and his criminal cousin Mortimer. Other friends were introduced as well, such as the moneymaking child Dave and the more sensible Molly, as well as Madison, who lived upstairs, Northern Irish sidekick Liam (played by Michael Byers), and Anil, a crazy café owner and inept cook.
Several personalities made cameo appearances on the show. These included Eamonn Holmes and Ainsley Harriott. The original shows were recorded before a studio audience, composed mainly of children, but the new programme used a post-production laughter track instead of an audience.
Interspersed with the main programme, there were animated shorts in which Basil and/or another character is seen making jokes. The more recent puppet looks different from the original 1960s/1970s puppet in a number of aspects and, apart from being well-spoken, the voice of Basil is very different from the original Ivan Owen version.
Basil Brush often breaks the fourth wall by having shots of the set and making references to how long the show is, and abusing the obvious way of walking across to other scenes.
Preservation
The British Film Institute in November 2016 announced The Basil Brush Show would be digitised as part of the BFI's five-year strategy for 2017–2022 to preserve programmes from the 1970s and 80s.[10] Many of the tapes at the BFI's Conservation Centre in Hertfordshire were reportedly deteriorating and at risk of becoming unplayable.[11]
Other appearances
Basil's Cartoon Story Book
Basil's Cartoon Story Book is a collection of 24 animated children's stories from around the world and presented by Basil Brush.[12] Released on VHS in 1994, it was sold and distributed in the United Kingdom by PolyGram Video Ltd under The Pocket Money Video brand.
The Goodies
Basil appears in two episodes of The Goodies. In A Kick in the Arts, he cameos in a fox hunting scene.[13] In The Goodies Rule – O.K.?, he is a member of the "Puppet Government".
Stick It Out
Basil appears on the 1993 Comic Relief song "Stick It Out" with Right Said Fred and other celebrity friends. [14]
Fantasy Football League
Also in 1993, Basil appeared alongside Roy Hattersley on the BBC comedy series Fantasy Football League with Frank Skinner and David Baddiel, it was his first television appearance in a decade.[15] His fantasy football team for the series included Norwich City midfielder Ruel Fox.
Blue Peter
Basil briefly appeared as a presenter for several Friday episodes of the popular British children's TV programme Blue Peter in 2003, in which he had his own joke segment. On 16 November 2010 Basil made a further guest appearance for one episode.
French and Saunders
Basil played Dobby the house elf in the French & Saunders sketch "Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan" for Comic Relief Red Nose Day 2003.[16]
500 miles
Basil has a cameo among the group of celebs observing Brian Potter and Andy Pipkin for the Comic Relief single "I would roll 500 miles".[17]
The Weakest Link
On 10 December 2005 Basil appeared on The Weakest Link and won the show, receiving £10,900 for his chosen charity, the Blue Peter 2005 charity appeal, "Treasure Trail" (in aid of Childline).[18] This makes him the first puppet to win The Weakest Link (Roland Rat had previously appeared as a puppet contestant, but did not win).
Basil returned to The Weakest Link as one of the contestants on the show's 1000th UK edition, recorded on 1 November 2006 and aired on BBC Two on 18 December 2006. Although he made it to the final round, this time he failed to win. However, the winner (Miss Evans) still decided to share half of her winnings with Basil's chosen charity. Although Basil is a puppet, he did not appear in the puppet special that aired the following year.
Cinderella
Basil Brush starred in the Christmas pantomime Cinderella in 2007, including St Albans, where he would appear from a large box on wheels for various hilarious off-plot moments, and encouraged children in the audience to shout 'Boom Boom Basil!' after each use of his catchphrase. In December 2010, Basil appeared in the Croydon Fairfield Halls pantomime production of Cinderella.
Bruce Forsyth's Generation Game
Basil made a surprise guest appearance at the end of an act featured on the BBC game show The Generation Game in about 1973, where the game between the players was to identify six celebrities hidden behind disguises who sang a song about a dastardly plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament. Both teams of contestants identified Basil as one of the masked celebrities.
Basil's Swap Shop
On 20 December 2007 the BBC announced that Basil would be co-presenting a new version of Swap Shop with Barney Harwood on BBC Two. The new series is titled Basil's Swap Shop.
Talkin' 'Bout Your Generation
In February 2010 Basil Brush appeared on the Australian game show Talkin' 'Bout Your Generation in episode one of season two as the show's first international guest. He appeared in the Baby Boomer team.[19]
Mongrels
In July 2010 a Holocaust denier Fox referred to as "Basil" appeared on the "adult puppet show" Mongrels in a throwaway gag scene (Never meet your idols).
Rolf Harris at The Royal Albert Hall
Basil appeared with Rolf Harris at his 50th anniversary concert for The Prince's Trust. Basil criticised Rolf about wanting to tie a kangaroo down, leading to a montage of clips from Animal Hospital, then they performed a duet of the song 'In The Court of King Caractacus' together.
Celebrity Juice
Basil was the Newerer Magazine headline in the Celebrity Juice Series 6 Christmas special.
ITV News
On 21 December 2012, Basil appeared on the show ITV News as part of the "Text Santa" charity event.
Let's Dance for Comic Relief
On 2 March 2013, Basil appeared in the third episode of the 2013 series.
Beauty and the Beast
Between 3 December 2014 and 11 January 2015, Basil starred in Beauty and the Beast at the Theatre Royal in Windsor.
Good Morning Britain
On 2 March 2015, Basil appeared on Good Morning Britain talking about his tour around the United Kingdom. On 5 April 2018 Basil became the Guest Entertainment Editor.
Pointless Celebrities
On 12 September 2015 and 29 May 2016, Basil appeared on Pointless Celebrities in an episodes featuring children's TV presenters.[20]
The Last Leg
On 11 November 2016, Basil appeared on The Last Leg to considerable public adulation.[21] On 23 December 2016, by popular demand, Basil appeared on the Christmas special. He also appeared via a Zoom call on 26 February 2021 under the pretext to discuss giving secret messages in his programmes in the 60's and 70's. On January 28th 2022, he re-appeared for a short cameo as a temporary host in reference to Russia perhaps invading Ukraine and appointing a "puppet" leader.
The Chase: Celebrity Special
On 10 December 2017, Basil appeared on The Chase (British game show).
He earned £8,000 in his Cash Builder, which he banked for the team by winning his head-to-head Chase with Jenny “The Vixen” Ryan. In the Final Chase, he teamed up with Sam Quek and Charlie Higson to defeat the Vixen and win £7,666.66 (1/3 of £23,000) for charity.
The Generation Game
It was revealed that Basil starred in the revamped version of The Generation Game alongside Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins when it returned in Spring 2018 on BBC 1.
Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two
On 16 November 2018, Basil appeared on Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two alongside Alexandra Burke, Jamie Cullum and Rob Deering as a part of the Friday Panel. He revealed that his favourite dance is the Foxtrot.
Dick Whittington
Basil appeared in Dick Whittington at the Theatre Royal in Windsor which ran from 23 November 2018 to 6 January 2019.
Cinderella
In 2020 Basil appeared in Cinderella at the Theatre Royal in Windsor which ran from 3 December 2020 to 10 January 2021
Hypothetical
In 2021, Basil appeared on the first episode of the third season of Hypothetical as one of the celebrities in the 'Wall of Celebrities' segment.[22]
See also
References
- ^ "BASIL BRUSH - Frazer Ashford". www.frazerashford.com. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
- ^ "Basil Brush: Boom Boom!". Blog | Griggs. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
- ^ "50 years on the telly: interview with BBC superstar Basil Brush". The Shortlisted. 2020-06-18. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
- ^ "Unexpected famous fans of Midlands football teams". ITV News. 2016-02-16. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
- ^ "Leicester City - Alternative History". www.mehstg.com. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
- ^ Barker, Dennis. "Obituary: Ivan Owen". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
- ^ "Obituary, Ivan Owen". The Telegraph. 20 October 2000. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ^ McGown, Alistair. "Oliver Postgate and Peter Firmin". BFI Screenonline. British Film Institute. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ "Mike Winsor – Voiceover Artist at Just Voices Agency – Just Voices Agency". Retrieved 1 December 2017.
- ^ Masters, Tim (29 November 2016). "Basil Brush and Tiswas among 'at risk' TV shows, says BFI". BBC News. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ^ Westbrook, Caroline (29 November 2016). "Some of your childhood favourites – including Tiswas and Basil Brush – are getting a digital makeover". Metro.co.uk. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ^ "Basil Brush". Toonhound. Toonhound. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
- ^ Allender, Brett. "The Goodies Clarion & Globe 104 Jul 2004". The Goodies Rule – OK! Fan Club. The Goodies Rule – OK! Fan Club. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
- ^ "The Best (and Worst) Charity Singles Ever". Entertainment.ie. Entertainment Media Networks Ltd. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
- ^ Fantasy Football League [Series 1, Episode 10] [1993/94]
- ^ "Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan (2003)". BFI. BFI. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
- ^ "THE PROCLAIMERS "I'M GONNA BE (500 MILES)"". Simply Eighties. Simplyeighties.com. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ^ Chris Perry (3 February 2016). The Kaleidoscope British Christmas Television Guide 1937–2013. Lulu.com. pp. 596–. ISBN 978-1-900203-60-9.
- ^ "Shaun Micallef cautiously agrees to more Talkin' 'Bout Your Generation without outstaying his welcome". Tv.com. Archived from the original on 2013-02-05. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
- ^ "Pointless Celebrities, Series 8 – Episode 2 Children's TV". RadioTimes. Immediate Media Company Ltd. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ^ Starkey, Adam (12 November 2016). "Basil Brush appeared on The Last Leg and viewers want him as a 'permanent fixture' on the show". Metro.co.uk. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ^ "Michael Winsor". British Comedy Guide. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
