Polari - Revision history

Kurt at 17:18, 1 January 2023

2023-01-01T17:18:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:18, 1 January 2023
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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|LGBT\|United Kingdom\|Language}}~~
	* [[African American Vernacular English]] (sometimes called Ebonics)		* [[African American Vernacular English]] (sometimes called Ebonics)
	* [[Bahasa Binan]]		* [[Bahasa Binan]]
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	==External links==		==External links==
	~~{{Wiktionary category\|category=English Polari slang}}~~
	* [http://www.chris-d.net/polari/ Chris Denning's article on Polari with bibliography]		* [http://www.chris-d.net/polari/ Chris Denning's article on Polari with bibliography]
	* [http://www.polaribible.org/ The Polari Bible compiled by The Manchester Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence]		* [http://www.polaribible.org/ The Polari Bible compiled by The Manchester Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence]

Kurt: /* Entry into mainstream slang */

2022-12-19T19:51:46Z

Entry into mainstream slang

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:51, 19 December 2022
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	A number of words from Polari have entered mainstream slang. The list below includes words in general use with the meanings listed: ''acdc'', ''barney'', ''blag'', ''butch'', ''camp'', ''khazi'', ''cottaging'', ''hoofer'', ''mince'', ''ogle'', ''scarper'', ''slap'', ''strides'', ''tod'', ''[rough] trade''.		A number of words from Polari have entered mainstream slang. The list below includes words in general use with the meanings listed: ''acdc'', ''barney'', ''blag'', ''butch'', ''camp'', ''khazi'', ''cottaging'', ''hoofer'', ''mince'', ''ogle'', ''scarper'', ''slap'', ''strides'', ''tod'', ''[rough] trade''.

	The Polari word ''{{lang\|pld\|naff}}'', meaning inferior or tacky, has an uncertain etymology. [[Michael Quinion]] states that it is probably from the sixteenth-century Italian word ''{{lang\|it\|gnaffa}}'', meaning "a despicable person".<ref name="quinaff">{{cite web \|url= http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-naf1.htm \|title=Naff \|last=Quinion \|first=Michael \|work=[[World Wide Words]] \|access-date=10 January 2010}}</ref> There are a number of [[False etymology\|false etymologies]], many based on acronyms— 'Not Available For Fucking', 'Normal As Fuck', etc. —though these are [[backronym]]s. The phrase "naff off" was used [[euphemism\|euphemistically]] in place of "fuck off" along with the [[intensifier]] "naffing" in ''[[Billy Liar]]'' by [[Keith Waterhouse]] (1959).<ref name=billy1>{{cite book \|last=Waterhouse \|first=Keith \|title=Billy Liar \|publisher=[[Michael Joseph (publisher)\|Michael Joseph]] \|year=1959 \|pages=35, 46 \|isbn=0-7181-1155-9}}		The Polari word ''{{lang\|pld\|naff}}'', meaning inferior or tacky, has an uncertain etymology. [[Michael Quinion]] states that it is probably from the sixteenth-century Italian word ''{{lang\|it\|gnaffa}}'', meaning "a despicable person".<ref name="quinaff">{{cite web \|url= http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-naf1.htm \|title=Naff \|last=Quinion \|first=Michael \|work=[[World Wide Words]] \|access-date=10 January 2010}}</ref> There are a number of [[False etymology\|false etymologies]], many based on acronyms— 'Not Available For Fucking', 'Normal As Fuck', etc. —though these are [[backronym]]s. The phrase "naff off" was used [[w:euphemism\|euphemistically]] in place of "fuck off" along with the [[intensifier]] "naffing" in ''[[Billy Liar]]'' by [[Keith Waterhouse]] (1959).<ref name=billy1>{{cite book \|last=Waterhouse \|first=Keith \|title=Billy Liar \|publisher=[[Michael Joseph (publisher)\|Michael Joseph]] \|year=1959 \|pages=35, 46 \|isbn=0-7181-1155-9}}
	''p35'' "Naff off, Stamp, for Christ sake!" ''p46'' "Well which one of them's got the naffing engagement ring?"</ref> Usage of "naff" increased in the 1970s when the [[television]] [[Situation comedy\|sitcom]] ''[[Porridge (1974 TV series)\|Porridge]]'' employed it as an alternative to expletives which were not considered broadcastable at the time.<ref name=quinaff/> [[Anne, Princess Royal\|Princess Anne]] allegedly famously told a reporter, "Why don't you just naff off" at the Badminton horse trials in April 1982,<ref>''The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English'' Dalzell and Victor (eds.) Routledge, 2006, Vol. II p. 1349</ref> but it has since been claimed that this was a bowdlerised version of what she actually said.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Princess never said 'naff off' -- 'We made it up' \|url= https://www.express.co.uk/news/royal/1175396/princess-anne-royal-news-princess-royal-family-latest-update-press-naff-off-spt \|work=Daily Express \|location= London \|date=8 September 2019 \|first=Abbie \|last=Llewelyn \|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>		''p35'' "Naff off, Stamp, for Christ sake!" ''p46'' "Well which one of them's got the naffing engagement ring?"</ref> Usage of "naff" increased in the 1970s when the [[w:television\|television]] [[w:Situation comedy\|sitcom]] ''[[Porridge (1974 TV series)\|Porridge]]'' employed it as an alternative to expletives which were not considered broadcastable at the time.<ref name=quinaff/> [[Anne, Princess Royal\|Princess Anne]] allegedly famously told a reporter, "Why don't you just naff off" at the Badminton horse trials in April 1982,<ref>''The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English'' Dalzell and Victor (eds.) Routledge, 2006, Vol. II p. 1349</ref> but it has since been claimed that this was a bowdlerised version of what she actually said.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Princess never said 'naff off' -- 'We made it up' \|url= https://www.express.co.uk/news/royal/1175396/princess-anne-royal-news-princess-royal-family-latest-update-press-naff-off-spt \|work=Daily Express \|location= London \|date=8 September 2019 \|first=Abbie \|last=Llewelyn \|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>

	"{{lang\|pld\|Zhoosh}}" ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|ʒ\|ʊ\|ʃ}}, {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|ʒ\|uː\|ʃ\|}} or {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|ʒ\|ʊ\|ʒ}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/zhoosh\|title=Definition for zhoosh – Oxford Dictionaries Online (World English) \|website=Oxforddictionaries.com\|access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref>) meaning to smarten up, style or improve something, became commonplace in the mid 2000s, having been used in the 2003 United States TV series ''[[Queer Eye (2003 TV series)\|Queer Eye for the Straight Guy]]'' and ''[[What Not to Wear (US)\|What Not to Wear]]''.~~{{citation needed\|date=September 2020}}~~		"{{lang\|pld\|Zhoosh}}" ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|ʒ\|ʊ\|ʃ}}, {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|ʒ\|uː\|ʃ\|}} or {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|ʒ\|ʊ\|ʒ}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/zhoosh\|title=Definition for zhoosh – Oxford Dictionaries Online (World English) \|website=Oxforddictionaries.com\|access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref>) meaning to smarten up, style or improve something, became commonplace in the mid 2000s, having been used in the 2003 United States TV series ''[[Queer Eye (2003 TV series)\|Queer Eye for the Straight Guy]]'' and ''[[What Not to Wear (US)\|What Not to Wear]]''.

	==In popular culture==		==In popular culture==

Kurt at 19:42, 19 December 2022

2022-12-19T19:42:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:42, 19 December 2022
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	\| speakers = none		\| speakers = none
	\| ref = e18		\| ref = e18
	\| familycolor = creole		\| familycolor = creole
	\| family = English-based [[slang]]		\| family = English-based [[w:slang\|slang]]
	\| iso3 = pld		\| iso3 = pld
	\| glotto = pola1249		\| glotto = pola1249
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	\| notice = IPA		\| notice = IPA
	}}		}}
	'''Polari''' ({{ety\|it\|parlare\|to talk}}) is a form of [[slang]] or [[Cant (language)\|cant]] used in [[United Kingdom\|Britain]] and [[Republic of Ireland\|Ireland]] by some actors, circus and fairground showmen, [[Professional wrestling\|professional wrestlers]], [[merchant navy]] sailors, [[Crime\|criminals]], [[sex worker]]s, and the [[Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures\|gay subculture]]. There is some debate about its origins,<ref>{{cite web\|author=Quinion, Michael\|year=1996\|title=How bona to vada your eek!\|work=WorldWideWords\|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/polari.htm\|access-date=20 February 2006\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907173251/http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/polari.htm\|archive-date=7 September 2019\|url-status=dead}}</ref> but it can be traced back to at least the 19th century and possibly as far as the 16th century.<ref>''Collins English Dictionary'', Third Edition</ref> There is a long-standing connection with [[Punch and Judy]] street puppet performers, who traditionally used Polari to converse.<ref name="Mayhew">{{cite book\|author=Mayhew, Henry\|title=London Labour and the London Poor, 1861\|volume=3\|publisher=Dover Press\|location=New York\|date=1968\|page=47}}</ref>		'''Polari''' ({{ety\|it\|parlare\|to talk}}) is a form of [[w:slang\|slang]] or [[w:Cant (language)\|cant]] used in [[w:United Kingdom\|Britain]] and [[Republic of Ireland\|Ireland]] by some actors, circus and fairground showmen, [[Professional wrestling\|professional wrestlers]], [[merchant navy]] sailors, [[Crime\|criminals]], [[sex worker]]s, and the [[Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures\|gay subculture]]. There is some debate about its origins,<ref>{{cite web\|author=Quinion, Michael\|year=1996\|title=How bona to vada your eek!\|work=WorldWideWords\|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/polari.htm\|access-date=20 February 2006\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907173251/http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/polari.htm\|archive-date=7 September 2019\|url-status=dead}}</ref> but it can be traced back to at least the 19th century and possibly as far as the 16th century.<ref>''Collins English Dictionary'', Third Edition</ref> There is a long-standing connection with [[Punch and Judy]] street puppet performers, who traditionally used Polari to converse.<ref name="Mayhew">{{cite book\|author=Mayhew, Henry\|title=London Labour and the London Poor, 1861\|volume=3\|publisher=Dover Press\|location=New York\|date=1968\|page=47}}</ref>

	==Terminology==		==Terminology==
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	* ''Putting it on the Dish'', a 2015 short film featuring Polari extensively		* ''Putting it on the Dish'', a 2015 short film featuring Polari extensively
	* [https://theconversation.com/a-brief-history-of-polari-the-curious-after-life-of-the-dead-language-for-gay-men-72599 A brief history of Polari: the curious after-life of the dead language for gay men], February 8, 2017.		* [https://theconversation.com/a-brief-history-of-polari-the-curious-after-life-of-the-dead-language-for-gay-men-72599 A brief history of Polari: the curious after-life of the dead language for gay men], February 8, 2017.

	~~{{LGBT topics in the United Kingdom}}~~
	~~{{Authority control}}~~
	~~{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2020}}~~
	~~{{Use British English\|date=December 2020}}~~

	[[Category:English language in England]]		[[Category:English language in England]]

Kurt: 1 revision imported

2022-08-03T18:28:52Z

1 revision imported

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2022-07-30T18:52:29Z

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