View source for Jabberwocky (film)

{{about|the 1977 Terry Gilliam film|the 1971 animated short|Jabberwocky (1971 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Jabberwocky
| image          = JabberwockyPoster.jpg
| alt            = 
| caption        = Theatrical re-release poster
| director       = [[Terry Gilliam]]
| producer       = [[Sanford Lieberson|Sandy Lieberson]]
| screenplay     = [[Charles Alverson]]<br />Terry Gilliam
| based_on       = {{Based on|"[[Jabberwocky]]"|[[Lewis Carroll]]}}
| starring       = [[Michael Palin]]<br />[[Harry H. Corbett]]<br />[[John Le Mesurier]]<br />[[Warren Mitchell]]<br />[[Max Wall]]<br />[[Rodney Bewes]]<br />[[John Bird (actor)|John Bird]]<br />[[Bernard Bresslaw]]<br />Terry Gilliam<br />[[Neil Innes]]<br />[[Terry Jones]]
| music          = [[Modest Mussorgsky]]<br />[[Hector Berlioz]]<br />[[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]<br />[[Jacques Ibert]]
| cinematography = Terry Bedford
| editing        = Michael Bradsell
| studio         = Python Films<br />Umbrella Films
| distributor    = [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]]-[[Warner Bros.|Warner Distributors]]
| released       = {{Film date|1977|3|28|df=y|London|1977|4|8|United Kingdom|1977|4|15|United States}}
| runtime        = 106 minutes
| country        = United Kingdom
| language       = English
| budget         = 
}}
'''''Jabberwocky''''' is a 1977 British [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[comedy film]] co-written and directed by [[Terry Gilliam]]. Jabberwocky stars [[Michael Palin]] as Dennis, a [[Cooper (profession)|cooper's]] apprentice, who is forced through clumsy, often [[slapstick]] misfortunes to hunt a terrible [[European dragon|dragon]] after the death of his father. The film's title is taken from the [[nonsense poem]] "[[Jabberwocky]]" from [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' (1871).<ref name="Shail2007">{{cite book|last=Shail|first=Robert|title=British film directors: a critical guide|url=https://archive.org/details/britishfilmdirec0000shai|url-access=registration|access-date=8 October 2010|year=2007|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-2231-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/britishfilmdirec0000shai/page/80 80]}}</ref>

The film is Gilliam's solo directorial debut, after he co-directed ''[[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]]'' with [[Terry Jones]] in 1975. The film received a mixed response from critics and audiences.<ref name="LLC1977">{{cite journal|author=New York Media, LLC|title=New York Magazine|website=Newyorkmetro.com|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76|year=1977|publisher=New York Media, LLC|page=76|issn=0028-7369}}</ref>

==Plot==
In the depths of the [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]], a carnivorous monster ravages the domains of King Bruno the Questionable. Life carries on as normal in isolated villages; in one of which, innocent young Dennis Cooper pursues a career as a [[Cooper (profession)|cooper]] in his ailing father's workshop. Mr. Cooper, senior, despises his son for valuing profit over craftsmanship, and when his illness becomes terminal he publicly disinherits Dennis in an abuse-ridden deathbed speech. Dennis decides to travel to the kingdom's capital city, establish a new career, and then return to marry his love, a local woman named Griselda Fishfinger who doesn't reciprocate his affection. While trying to say goodbye to an inattentive Griselda, she throws away a rotten potato which Dennis catches and keeps as a cherished memento.

King Bruno's city is full of terrified refugees from villages destroyed by the monster. The only people pleased with the situation are a cabal of rich merchants selling overpriced goods to the refugees.  None of the overburdened local craftsmen will listen to Dennis' suggestions for "improving efficiency", and he struggles to find work or food. Meanwhile, the king has decided to send a knight against the monster, and organizes a [[jousting]] tournament to find the best warrior for the job. If successful, the knight will be promoted to prince and married to the Princess, who lives in a tower, wishing a true prince will arrive and marry her.

A man named Ethel, squire to the Knight of the Red Herring, befriends Dennis and gives him a meal. Misunderstandings ensue and Dennis finds himself fleeing from a tavern keeper whose wife Ethel seduced. He seeks refuge in the tower, where the Princess, in a great feat of wishful thinking, takes him for an adventuring prince disguised as a peasant. Dennis is too bewildered to explain the truth, but he does convey that he already has a lover and the Princess sorrowfully lets him go. She lends him a [[Religious habit|nun's habit]] to use as a disguise, which leads to a run-in with a group of religious fanatics who believe he is [[Satan]] in the guise of a nun (or possibly a nun in the guise of Satan).

The joust grows increasingly bloody, and Passelewe, King Bruno's chamberlain, worries that all the knights will end up killed or incapacitated. He convinces the king to call off the fighting and instead pick a champion based on the outcome of a game of [[hide and seek]]. Red Herring emerges victorious. Ethel wants to stay in the city and pursue his affair with the tavern keeper's wife, so he bullies Dennis into taking his place as squire. The huge and dimwitted knight appears never to notice.

In order to continue profiting from the crisis the city merchants hire another warrior, the Black Knight, who rides to the monster's lair and assassinates Red Herring. He is about to kill Dennis as well, but the monster appears—a horrific, dragon-like biped—and the Black Knight is compelled to fight for his own life. After a titanic struggle, he appears to slay the monster, but it revives and knocks him off a cliff.  Dennis accidentally slays it when it impales itself on a sword he was holding while cowering, and then cuts off the monster's head, brings it to the king, and takes credit for the exploit. Griselda is more interested in Dennis now that he is a hero, but he never gets the chance to marry her. King Bruno the Questionable keeps his word, and Dennis is given half the kingdom, married to the Princess, and swept off to his honeymoon and an uncertain fate.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Michael Palin]] as Dennis Cooper
* [[Harry H. Corbett]] as The Squire (Ethel)
* [[John Le Mesurier]] as Passelewe
* [[Warren Mitchell]] as Mr. Fishfinger
* [[Annette Badland]] as Griselda Fishfinger
* [[Max Wall]] as King Bruno the Questionable / Voice of Red Herring
* Deborah Fallender as The Princess
* [[Jerold Wells]] as Wat Dabney
* [[Bernard Bresslaw]] as The Landlord
* [[Rodney Bewes]] as The Other Squire
* [[John Bird (actor)|John Bird]] as 1st Herald
* [[Neil Innes]] as 2nd Herald
* [[Peter Cellier]] as 1st Merchant
* [[Frank Williams (actor)|Frank Williams]] as 2nd Merchant
* [[Terry Jones]] as Poacher
* [[Brian Glover]] as Armourer
* [[Graham Crowden]] as Fanatics' Leader
* [[Bryan Pringle]] as Guard at the Gate
* [[Harold Goodwin (English actor)|Harold Goodwin]] as 1st Peasant
* [[Kenneth Colley]] as 1st Fanatic
* [[Gorden Kaye]] as Sister Jessica
* [[Derrick O'Connor]] as Flying Hogfish Peasant
* [[Terry Gilliam]] as Man with Rock
* [[David Prowse]] as Red Herring and Black Knights
{{div col end}}

==Production==
The film is close in setting and comic style to ''[[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]]'', on which Gilliam had co-directed. In addition to Palin, Python [[Terry Jones]] and Python contributor [[Neil Innes]] appeared in ''Jabberwocky'', giving it a Python-esque feel, with many scenes (such as the "hide and seek" jousting tournament) reminiscent of ''Holy Grail''.<ref name="GilliamSterritt2004">{{cite book|last1=Gilliam|first1=Terry|author-link1=Terry Gilliam|last2=Sterritt|first2=David|author-link2=David Sterritt|last3=Rhodes|first3=Lucille|title=Terry Gilliam: interviews|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eDE0hce0kEC&pg=PA150|date=April 2004|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-57806-624-7|page=150}}</ref> For its American premiere the film was advertised as ''Monty Python's Jabberwocky'' despite protests from Gilliam.<ref name="Smart">{{cite web|url=http://www.smart.co.uk/jabberwocky/jabrebel.htm|title=Jabberwocky: Analysis|last=Costa|first=Jordi|author2=Sanchez, Sergi|work=Dreams|publisher=Smart|access-date=13 September 2008}}</ref>

===Filming locations===
The film was shot on location in Wales. There are two castles in the film: [[Pembroke Castle]] and [[Chepstow Castle]]. The Jabberwocky battle scenes were filmed in an old Pembroke stone quarry.

===Monster===
[[File:Jabberwocky.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''The Jabberwock'', as illustrated by [[John Tenniel]] for [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'', which includes the poem "[[Jabberwocky]]".]]
The Jabberwock is a man in costume similar to the classic Japanese ''[[Godzilla (franchise)|Godzilla]]'' film effects. To recreate the illustrated monster of the 19th century storybook, the costume is designed to be worn by a man walking backwards. Hip and knee joints are reversed giving it a bird-like gait. The actor's head is hidden within the monster's torso – the large marionette head on a serpentine neck is controlled by an offscreen pole and lines, which are visible on the print. Long bird-like claws extend out of his shoe heels and his arms become the Jabberwock's wings. Film speed is altered in some scenes to slow the monster's movements and camera angles manipulate perspective in scenes with live actors to depict the monster's immense size. Director [[Terry Gilliam]], during the DVD commentary, stated that the Jabberwock's 'Death Fall' came about accidentally when the actor tripped during filming but because the fall was so natural it was used in the final print.

==Themes==
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2018}}

===Commerce===
One of the most noticeable themes in the film is that of commerce.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} Dennis Cooper is unable to continue his work as a cooper after being gleefully disowned by his dying father. Despite Cooper having good ideas about raising productivity, the merchants and businessmen he meets are unwilling to listen to him. He moves from his village to the enclosed town in search of business opportunity. Dennis discovers that the [[guild]]s and [[merchant]]s control business and that outsiders are struggling to survive. While in the city he discovers Wat Dabney, a legendary cooper and inventor of the "inverted [[Firkin (unit)|firkin]]". Despite his skill, Wat is excluded by the guilds and has cut his foot off in an attempt to become a beggar – an act so successful that he ends up cutting off his other foot by the film's end.

The top merchants in the town profit handsomely from fear of the Jabberwock and are reluctant to help the King end the crisis. The Bishop is happy that fear has led to increased donations to the church and increased attendances at mass and confession ("piety ain't never been higher!"). The Bishop is so unimpressed by the King's choice of a champion to slay the monster that he blesses the champion by simply flicking holy water at him with his index finger. The merchants conspire to send the "black knight" (portrayed by [[David Prowse]] in his last pre-[[Darth Vader]] role) to kill the king's champion (also played by [[David Prowse]]) and are aghast when Dennis comes back with the monster's head.

==="Creaking bureaucracy"===
King Bruno the Questionable and his aide, Passelewe are aged rulers in a castle that is falling apart. Darkness, dust, cobwebs and fallen plaster lie everywhere. It is so dark and decrepit that the town outside is refreshing in comparison. So entrenched are these two in their misrule that the only way the King can find an answer to the Jabberwock is to emulate the deeds of his great-great-great-great-great-grandfather (Max the Vainglorious) and hold a tournament to select a champion; a decision which works because Dennis manages to accompany the champion (Dennis chances to slay the Jabberwock after the champion is killed by the Black Knight).

The "creaking bureaucracy" also includes the inept behaviour of his [[herald]], who is far more concerned with heralding than in the message he is communicating, a process which eventually prevents the King from speaking and ends with the herald losing his head.

===Accidental and unconventional happiness===
An important theme that Gilliam cited on the film's audio commentary is happiness. By the end of the film Dennis gets everything a fairy tale hero would want (recognition for killing the beast, the princess' hand in marriage and half of the kingdom) by accident. All Dennis wanted was to live a humdrum life, with an overweight peasant girl who didn't even like him.<ref>{{cite web |last=Engberg |first=Mark |title=Jabberwocky, 1977 |work=Wildsound Movies |url=http://www.wildsound-filmmaking-feedback-events.com/jabberwocky.html |access-date=24 January 2013}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''Jabberwocky'' received a mixed response from critics. On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], it holds a rating of 48%, based on 21 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jabberwocky/|title=Jabberwocky (2017)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref>

[[Vincent Canby]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote the film a positive review, describing it as "the most marvelously demented British comedy to come along since ''Monty Python and The Holy Grail'', to which ''Jabberwocky'' is a sort of stepson."<ref>{{cite web|last=Canby|first=Vincent|title=Jabberwocky|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 April 1977|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D03EFDE1E3BE334BC4E52DFB266838C669EDE|access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' gave the film a mixed review, praising the monster as "inspired dark imagination," but ultimately describing the film as "long on jabber but short on yocks."<ref>{{cite web|title=Jabberwocky|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=31 December 1976|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117792101/|access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> [[Gene Siskel]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave the film a one-star negative review, calling it "a film suitable for those who like unfunny comedies" and added that "to link it to Lewis Carroll or to his poem is to insult both." He further commented: {{cquote|"Jabberwocky" is being billed as made by the [[Monty Python]] comedy crew, with artwork that suggests it's a sequel to "[[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]]{{Sic|hide=y|."<!-- [[MOS:INOROUT]] -->}}

That's misleading on both counts. Only a couple of the Python gang (seen regularly on [[WTTW]]-Ch. 11) contributed to the script, and the result is a crude and totally unfunny picture.

[...]

When in doubt, the script resorts to jokes about urination, defecation, or dismemberment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siskel|first=Gene|title='Allegro' a noteworthy piece of animation|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=2 August 1977|url=https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/clip/88953157/gene-siskel-movie-reviewsallegro-non/|access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0076221}}
* {{Allmovie title|25665}}
* {{Mojo title|jabberwocky}}
* {{Metacritic film|title=Jabberwocky (re-release)}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|jabberwocky}}
* [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/5131-jabberwocky-through-the-looking-glass-and-what-terry-found-there ''Jabberwocky: Through the Looking Glass and What Terry Found There''] an essay by Scott Tobias at the [[Criterion Collection]]

{{Terry Gilliam}}
{{Alice}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1970s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:1970s adventure comedy films]]
[[Category:British adventure comedy films]]
[[Category:British fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:British independent films]]
[[Category:British satirical films]]
[[Category:Films based on poems]]
[[Category:Films directed by Terry Gilliam]]
[[Category:Films set in castles]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Terry Gilliam]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sanford Lieberson]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Lewis Carroll]]
[[Category:1977 independent films]]
[[Category:1970s satirical films]]
[[Category:1977 comedy films]]
[[Category:Jabberwocky]]
[[Category:1970s English-language films]]
[[Category:1970s British films]]